At least 1 patient safety event in the past 10 years was reported by 131 (25.2%) respondents medication errors were the most commonly reported (66 respondents). The use of surgical safety checklists was reported by 511 (98.6%) respondents. In total, 543 otolaryngologists responded to the survey (response rate 4.9% = 543/11,188). Members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery were asked about intraoperative sentinel events, surgical safety checklist practices, fire safety, and the response to patient safety events. We report on findings relating to otolaryngology practices with surgical safety checklists, the scope of intraoperative sentinel events, and institutional and personal response to these events.Īnonymous online survey of otolaryngologists. This entails a thorough understanding of the different study designs to choose the best suited to answer the investigated research question.ĭespite the implementation of advanced health care safety systems including checklists, preventable perioperative sentinel events continue to occur and cause patient harm, disability, and death. Quality in scientific research begins with a clear hypothesis and a well-formulated design. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the basic study designs as it is the foundation of neurosurgical research to provide valid scientific evidence. The choice of study design is influenced by features as that related to exposure (intervention) and disease (outcome) considerations related to time, resources, ethics and gaps in scientific knowledge that remain to be filled. There are different study designs, and selecting an appropriate study design is critical to appropriately answer the research question being investigated.Ī research question may be addressed using different approaches that can be descriptive, analytical, or experimental. Medical research has evolved from individual expert-described opinions and techniques to scientifically designed methodology-based studies. This lack of uniformity, allowed for by flexible World Health Organization guidelines, may reflect the origins of surgical time-outs in general surgery, rather than neurosurgery, underscoring the potential for time-out optimization with neurosurgery-specific considerations. Despite proximity and overlapping personnel, there is considerable variability between hospitals in the practice of time-outs. Multidisciplinary time-outs have become standard of care in neurosurgery. Pragmatic challenges (n = 20, 54.1%) and individual beliefs and attitudes (n = 20, 54.1%) were common barriers to implementation of standardized time-outs. Of the respondents, 97.2% believed time-out made surgery safe, 94.6% agreed that time-outs reduce the risk of wrong-side or wrong-level neurosurgery, and 17 (45.9%) saw a role for a neurosurgery-specific safety checklist. Although all required time-out before incision, there was no consensus regarding the precise timing of time-out, in policy or in practice. At all hospitals, surgeons, anesthesiologists, registered nurses, and circulators were involved in time-outs. Surveys were sent to 51 neurosurgical faculty, fellows, and residents across 5 hospitals with a 72.5% response rate. To identify the role of time-outs in neurosurgery, understand neurosurgeons' attitudes toward time-out, and highlight areas for improvement.Ī cross-sectional study using a 15-item survey to evaluate how time-outs were performed across 5 hospitals affiliated with a single neurosurgery training program. Safety checklists have improved surgical outcomes however, much of the literature comes from general surgery.
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